ETHIOPIA - A Country Study

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ETHIOPIA

Acknowledgments

Preface

Country Profile

COUNTRY

GEOGRAPHY

SOCIETY

ECONOMY

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

NATIONAL SECURITY

Introduction

Chapter 1. Historical Setting

Origins and the Early Periods

Early Populations and Neighboring States

The Aksumite State

Ethiopia and the Early Islamic Period

The Zagwe Dynasty

The "Restoration" of the "Solomonic" Line

Amhara Ascendancy

The Trials of the Christian Kingdom and the Decline of Imperial
Power

Growth of Regional Muslim States

Oromo Migrations and Their Impact

Contact with European Christendom

The Making of Modern Ethiopia

The Reestablishment of the Ethiopian Monarchy

From Tewodros II to Menelik II, 1855-89

The Reign of Menelik II, 1889-1913

The Interregnum

Haile Selassie: The Prewar Period, 1930-36

Italian Rule and World War II

Italian Administration in Eritrea

Mussolini's Invasion and the Italian Occupation

Ethiopia in World War II

The Postwar Period, 1945-60: Reform and Opposition

Change and Resistance

Administrative Change and the 1955 Constitution

The Attempted Coup of 1960 and Its Aftermath

Growth of Secessionist Threats

The Liberation Struggle in Eritrea

Discontent in Tigray

The Ogaden and the Haud

Revolution and Military Government

Background to Revolution, 1960-74

The Establishment of the Derg

The Struggle for Power, 1974-77

Ethiopia's Road to Socialism

The Mengistu Regime and Its Impact

Political Struggles Within the Government

War in the Ogaden and the Turn to the Soviet Union

Eritrean and Tigrayan Insurgencies

Social and Political Changes

Ethiopia in Crisis: Famine and Its Aftermath,1984-88

Famine and Economic Collapse

Government Defeats in Eritrea and Tigray

The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Changes in Soviet Policy and New International Horizons

Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment

Physical Setting

Boundaries: International and Administrative

Topography and Drainage

Climate

Population

Size, Distribution, and Growth

Urbanization

Resettlement and Villagization

Refugees, Drought, and Famine

Ethiopia's Peoples

Ethnic Groups, Ethnicity, and Language

Ethio-Semitic Language Groups

Cushitic Language Groups

Omotic Language Groups

Nilo-Saharan Language Groups

Occupational Castes

Ethnic and Social Relations

Interethnic Relations

Social Relations

Social System

Rural Society

Urban Society

The Role of Women

Religious Life

Demography and Geography of Religious Affiliation

Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity

Organization of the Church and the Clergy

Faith and Practice

Islam

Basic Teachings of Islam

Local Character of Belief and Practice

Indigenous Religions

Foreign Missions

Education

Education During Imperial Rule

Primary and Secondary Education since 1975

Higher and Vocational Education since 1975

Literacy

Foreign Educational Assistance

Health and Welfare

Chapter 3. The Economy

Growth and Structure of the Economy

Developments up to l974

Postrevolution Period

Role of Government

The Budgetary Process

Revenue and Expenditures

Banking and Monetary Policy

Labor Force

Unemployment

Labor Unions

Wages and Prices

Agriculture

Land Use and Land Reform

Land Use

Land Reform

Government Rural Programs

Peasant Associations and Rural Devlopment

Cooperatives and State Farms

Resettlement and Villagization

Agricultural Production

Major Cash Crops

Major Staple Crops

Livestock

Fishing

Forestry

Government Marketing Operations

Industry and Energy

Manufacturing

Industrial Development Policy

Energy Resources

Mining

Transportation and Telecommunications

Roads

Railroads

Ports

Air Transport

Telecommunications

Foreign Trade

Exports

Imports

Balance of Payments and Foreign Assistance

Economic Prospects

Chapter 4. Government and Politics

The Workers' Party of Ethiopia

Toward Party Formation

The Vanguard Party

The 1987 Constitution

The Social Order

Citizenship, Freedoms, Rights, and Duties

National Shengo (National Assembly)

Council of State

The President

Council of Ministers

Judicial System

Regional and Local Government

Regional Administration

Peasant Associations

Kebeles

Civil Service

The Politics of Development

The Politics of Drought and Famine

The Politics of Resettlement

The Politics of Villagization

Political Dynamics

Political Participation and Repression

The Eritrean Movement

Eritrea and the Imperial Regime

Eritrea and the Mengistu Regime

The Tigrayan Movement

Other Movements and Fronts

Oromo Groups

Afar Groups

Somali Groups

Leftist Groups

Regime Stability and Peace Negotiations

Mass Media

Foreign Policy

Diplomacy and State Building in Imperial Ethiopia

The Foreign Policy of the Derg

The Derg, the Soviet Union, and the Communist World

The Derg and the West

Ethiopia's Border Politics

Addis Ababa and the Middle East

The Demise of the Military Government

Chapter 5. National Security

Military Tradition in National Life

The Armed Forces

The 1987 Constitution and the Armed Forces

Command and Force Structure

Army

Air Force

Navy

People's Militia

Training

Morale and Discipline

Manpower Considerations

Defense Costs

Foreign Military Assistance

United States

Soviet Union

Cuba

East Germany

North Korea

Israel

External and Internal Opponents

The Eritreans

The Tigray

The Oromo

The Somali

Public Order and Internal Security

The National Police

People's Protection Brigades

Crime and Punishment

The Legal System

Prisons

Human Rights

Appendix.
Tables

Bibliography

Glossary